Patterns and Outcomes of Endovascular Therapy in Mild Stroke.

Background and Purpose- We aimed to evaluate the current practice patterns, safety and outcomes of patients who receive endovascular therapy (EVT) having mild neurological symptoms. Methods- From Jan 2010 to Jan 2018, 127,794 ischemic stroke patients were enrolled in the Florida-Puerto Rico Stroke Registry. Patients presenting within 24 hours of symptoms who received EVT were classified into mild (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤5) or moderate/severe (NIHSS>5) categories. Differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Results- Among 4110 EVT patients (median age, 73 [interquartile range=20] years; 50% women), 446 (11%) had NIHSS ≤5. Compared with NIHSS >5, those with NIHSS ≤5 arrived later to the hospital (median, 138 versus 101 minutes), were less likely to receive intravenous alteplase (30% versus 43%), had a longer door-to-puncture time (median, 167 versus 115 minutes) and more likely treated in South Florida (64% versus 53%). In multivariable analysis younger age, private insurance (versus Medicare), history of hypertension, prior independent ambulation and hospital size were independent characteristics associated with NIHSS ≤5. Among EVT patients with NIHSS ≤5, 76% were discharged home/rehabilitation and 64% were able to ambulate independently at discharge as compared with 53% and 32% of patients with NIHSS >5. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 4% of mild stroke EVT patients and 6.4% in those with NIHSS >5. Conclusions- Despite lack of evidence-based recommendations, 11% of patients receiving EVT in clinical practice have mild neurological presentations. Individual, hospital and geographic disparities are observed among endovascularly treated patients based on the severity of clinical symptoms. Our data suggest safety and overall favorable outcomes for EVT patients with mild stroke.

Hispanic Ethnicity and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2013 / Riesgo cardiovascular entre Hispano-Americanos residiendo en los Estados Unidos: El sistema conductual de vigilancia de factores de riesgo 2013

ABSTRACT Background: Although the leading cause of death among Hispanics living in the United States (US) is cardiovascular disease (CVD), the association between Hispanic ethnicity and CVD has been scarcely explored. Objective: To examine whether being Hispanic is associated with an increased risk of CVD compared with the non-Hispanic US adult population in 2013. Methods: Secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey in 2013 (n=486,905). The main exposure variable was Hispanic ethnicity (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban or Spanish origin) and the main outcome variable was self-reported CVD (myocardial infarction/coronary artery disease/angina). The main covariates were sex, age, education, income, healthcare access, exercise, body mass index, current smoking, heavy drinking, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions were used to assess the effect between ethnicity and self-reported CVD. Odds ratios (OR) and 99% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: In total, 12% of the study participants were Hispanic (n=57,257). Approximately 24% of Hispanics were 25-34 y/o while (21%) of non-Hispanic were >65 y/o. After adjustment, Hispanics were 30% less likely to report CVD compared with non-Hispanics (OR=0.7; 99%; CI=0.6-0.8). Compared with men, women had a 40% decreased risk of having CVD (OR=0.60; 99% CI=0.5-0.6). Advanced age, lower educational attainment, income <$15,000/year, lack of exercise, smoking, non-heavy drinking, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia increased statistically significantly the likelihood of reporting CVD. Conclusion: The findings suggest that, in general, Hispanics residing in the US are significantly less likely to self-declare if they had a CVD compared with non-Hispanic Americans. These data suggest that although Hispanics are generally poorer and have less access to education and health services, their self-perceived health is better than in non-Hispanic residents of the US.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es una de las mayores causas de defunción entre los hispanos que viven en los EE. UU, la asociación entre la etnia hispana y la ECV apenas se ha explorado. Objetivo: Examinar si ser hispano se asocia con un mayor riesgo de padecer ECV en comparación con la población adulta no Hispana de los EE. UU, basados en los datos de la encuesta nacional sobre factores de riesgo conductuales del 2013. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de datos secundario de la información obtenida del Sistema de Vigilancia del Factor de Riesgo Conductual (BRFSS) para estudiar la asociación entre origen étnico (hispanos: mexicano, puertorriqueño, cubano o de origen español vs. no hispanos) y la ECV en los encuestados a través del sistema BRFSS. Utilizamos una regresión logística para obtener modelos ajustados y no ajustados para evaluar el efecto de las características de la población seleccionada en participantes que informaron tener o no ECV. Resultados: En este estudio se incluyeron 486905 adultos, (48% hombres) y 57257 (11,8%) que se autodefinieron como hispanos. Aproximadamente el 24% de los hispanos tenían entre 25 y 34 años, mientras que un 21% de los no hispanos tenían más de 65 años. Después del ajuste de variables, los hispanos tenían un 30% menos de probabilidades de reportar una ECV en comparación con los no hispanos (OR = 0.7, 99% CI = 0.6-0.8); las mujeres mostraron un 40% menos de probabilidades de presentar una ECV (OR = 0,60; IC del 99% = 0,5-0,6). Tener más edad, menos nivel de educación formal, ganar menos de <$ 15000 / año, el sedentarismo, el tabaquismo, el consumo excesivo de alcohol, la diabetes, la hipertensión y la hiperlipidemia aumentaron significativamente la probabilidad de presentar una ECV. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que en general, los hispanos que residen en los EE. UU, especialmente mujeres, tuvieron una probabilidad significativamente menor de autoreportar que tuvieron una ECV en comparación con los norteamericanos no hispanos.

Transapical endovascular repair of iatrogenic type A aortic dissection.

Intraoperative iatrogenic type A aortic dissection is a rare but known complication of cardiac surgery, with an incidence of 0.06% to 0.23%. Results are frequently catastrophic. The endovascular approach has made advances as an alternative treatment for aortic disease. However, the apical approach for transcatheter thoracic endovascular aortic repair is not well known. We present a 5-year follow-up of a case of iatrogenic type A aortic dissection after minimally invasive mitral valve repair successfully resolved by medical stabilization and subsequent transapical thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Impact of training primary care physicians in behavioral counseling to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in Ecuador

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the feasibility of implementing a physician-based, patient-centered counseling intervention model in Ecuador to improve the ability of primary care physicians (PCPs) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients. Methods. This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in primary care clinics in Quito in 2014 – 2016. Participants included 15 PCPs and their adult patients at high risk of developing type-2 diabetes. A physician-based and patient-centered counseling program was delivered to eight PCPs. Seven PCPs who did not receive the training comprised the control group. The patient experience was assessed by a patient exit interview (PEI). Assessment of the patient’s anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood biochemistry parameters were conducted. Changes within and between groups were estimated utilizing chisquare, ANOVA, paired t-tests, and coefficient with intervention. Results. A total of 197 patients participated, 113 in the intervention care group (ICG) and 84 in the usual care group (UCG); 99 patients (87.6%) in the ICG and 63 (75%) in the UCG completed the study. Counseling steps, measured by the PEI, were significantly higher in the ICG (8.9±1.6 versus 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001). Comparison of the estimated difference between the ICG and the UCG showed greater decreases in HbA1c and total cholesterol in the ICG. Within the ICG, there were significant improvements in weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Conclusions. Training PCPs in a patient-centered behavioral intervention for CVD risk factor reduction is feasible and efficacious for reducing CVD risk factors in Ecuador. Developed and developing countries alike could benefit from such an intervention.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar la factibilidad de implementar un modelo de intervención en el médico y centrado en el paciente en Ecuador a fin de mejorar la capacidad de los médicos de atención primaria (MAP) para reducir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en los pacientes. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorio en consultorios de atención primaria en Quito entre el 2014 y el 2016. Participaron 15 MAP y sus pacientes adultos con riesgo alto de padecer diabetes de tipo 2. Se proporcionó un programa médico orientativo centrado en el paciente a ocho MAP. Los siete que no recibieron la capacitación fueron el grupo testigo. Se evaluó la experiencia de los pacientes por medio de una encuesta de salida a los pacientes. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas, la presión arterial y los parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos del paciente. Se calcularon los cambios entre los grupos y dentro de ellos por medio de pruebas de ji cuadrado, análisis de la varianza, pruebas t pareadas y coeficiente con intervención. Resultados. En total participaron 197 pacientes, 113 en el grupo de atención con intervención (GAI) y 84 en el grupo de atención habitual (GAH); 99 pacientes (87,6 %) en el GAI y 63 (75 %) en el GAH completaron el estudio entre el 2014 y el 2016. Los pasos de orientación, según los resultados de la encuesta de salida, fueron significativamente mayores en el GAI (8,9±1,6 frente a 6,6±2,3; P = 0,001). Al comparar la diferencia estimada entre el GAI y el GAH, se encontraron mayores reducciones de HbA1c y del colesterol total en el GAI. Dentro del GAI, se encontraron mejoras considerables en el peso, IMC, HbA1C, colesterol total y C-LDL. Conclusiones. La capacitación de los MAP mediante una intervención sobre el comportamiento centrada en el paciente para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV es factible y eficaz para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV en Ecuador. Los países desarrollados y en desarrollo podrían beneficiarse por igual de tal intervención.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a viabilidade de implementar um modelo de intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente para melhorar a capacidade dos profissionais da atenção primária de reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares nos pacientes. Métodos. Estudo clínico randomizado conduzido em ambulatórios de atenção primária em Quito, no Equador, de 2014 a 2016. Participaram do estudo 15 médicos da atenção primária e os respectivos pacientes adultos com alto risco de diabetes tipo 2. Oito participantes fizeram parte de uma intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente. Os outros sete médicos fizeram parte do grupo de controle que não recebeu a capacitação. A experiência do paciente foi avaliada com uma entrevista de saída. Características antropométricas, medidas de pressão arterial e parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados nos pacientes. As mudanças dentro de um mesmo grupo e entre os grupos foram estimadas com o uso do teste do qui-quadrado, ANOVA, teste t pareado e coeficiente com intervenção. Resultados. Participaram do estudo 197 pacientes ao todo, sendo 113 no grupo de intervenção (GI) e 84 no grupo de atenção de rotina (GR), e completaram o estudo 99 pacientes (87,6%) no GI e 63 (75%) no GR em 2014–2016. O GI recebeu um número significativamente maior (8.9±1.6 vs. 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001) de orientações, avaliadas na entrevista de saída. Uma comparação da diferença estimada entre o GI e o GR demonstrou maior redução no nível de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) e colesterol total no GI. Os pacientes do GI tiveram melhora significativa no peso corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), colesterol total e LDL. Conclusões. Capacitar os médicos da atenção primária em uma intervenção comportamental centrada no paciente é uma opção viável e eficaz para reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Equador. Ambos os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento poderiam se beneficiar com esta intervenção.

Impact of training primary care physicians in behavioral counseling to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in Ecuador.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of implementing a physician-based, patient-centered counseling intervention model in Ecuador to improve the ability of primary care physicians (PCPs) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in primary care clinics in Quito in 2014 - 2016. Participants included 15 PCPs and their adult patients at high risk of developing type-2 diabetes. A physician-based and patient-centered counseling program was delivered to eight PCPs. Seven PCPs who did not receive the training comprised the control group. The patient experience was assessed by a patient exit interview (PEI). Assessment of the patient's anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood biochemistry parameters were conducted. Changes within and between groups were estimated utilizing chi-square, ANOVA, paired t-tests, and coefficient with intervention. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients participated, 113 in the intervention care group (ICG) and 84 in the usual care group (UCG); 99 patients (87.6%) in the ICG and 63 (75%) in the UCG completed the study. Counseling steps, measured by the PEI, were significantly higher in the ICG (8.9±1.6 versus 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001). Comparison of the estimated difference between the ICG and the UCG showed greater decreases in HbA1c and total cholesterol in the ICG. Within the ICG, there were significant improvements in weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Training PCPs in a patient-centered behavioral intervention for CVD risk factor reduction is feasible and efficacious for reducing CVD risk factors in Ecuador. Developed and developing countries alike could benefit from such an intervention.

Balance and Gait of Frail, Pre-Frail, and Robust Older Hispanics.

Older Hispanics are an understudied minority group in the US, and further understanding of the association between frailty, gait and balance impairments in disadvantaged older Hispanics is needed. The objectives of this study were to compare the balance and gait of older Hispanics by their frailty status. Sixty-three older Hispanics (21 men, 42 women, mean age 75 ± 7 years) attending senior centers in disadvantaged neighborhoods were grouped by their frailty status and completed balance and walking tests at a preferred speed and during street crossing simulations. Sixteen percent (n = 10) of the participants were frail, 71% (n = 45) were pre-frail, and 13% (n = 8) were robust. Frail participants had poorer balance than robust participants (F = 3.5, p = 0.042). The preferred walking speed of frail and pre-frail participants was lower (F = 6.3, p < 0.011) and they took shorter steps (F > 3.5, p = 0.002) than robust participants. During street crossing conditions, frail participants had wider steps (F = 3.3, p = 0.040), while pre-frail participants walked slower (F = 3.6, p = 0.032), and both took shorter steps than robust participants (F > 3.5, p < 0.043). Frailty and pre-frailty were prevalent and associated with gait and balance impairments in disadvantaged older Hispanics. The findings can inform the development of programs and interventions targeting this vulnerable underserved population.

Impact of training primary care physicians in behavioral counseling to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in Ecuador / Repercusión de la capacitación de médicos de atención primaria en orientación sobre el comportamiento para reducir los factores de riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares en Ecuador / Impacto da capacitação de médicos da atenção primária em orientação comportamental para reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Equador

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the feasibility of implementing a physician-based, patient-centered counseling intervention model in Ecuador to improve the ability of primary care physicians (PCPs) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients. Methods This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in primary care clinics in Quito in 2014 - 2016. Participants included 15 PCPs and their adult patients at high risk of developing type-2 diabetes. A physician-based and patient-centered counseling program was delivered to eight PCPs. Seven PCPs who did not receive the training comprised the control group. The patient experience was assessed by a patient exit interview (PEI). Assessment of the patient's anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood biochemistry parameters were conducted. Changes within and between groups were estimated utilizing chi-square, ANOVA, paired t-tests, and coefficient with intervention. Results A total of 197 patients participated, 113 in the intervention care group (ICG) and 84 in the usual care group (UCG); 99 patients (87.6%) in the ICG and 63 (75%) in the UCG completed the study. Counseling steps, measured by the PEI, were significantly higher in the ICG (8.9±1.6 versus 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001). Comparison of the estimated difference between the ICG and the UCG showed greater decreases in HbA1c and total cholesterol in the ICG. Within the ICG, there were significant improvements in weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Conclusions Training PCPs in a patient-centered behavioral intervention for CVD risk factor reduction is feasible and efficacious for reducing CVD risk factors in Ecuador. Developed and developing countries alike could benefit from such an intervention.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la factibilidad de implementar un modelo de intervención en el médico y centrado en el paciente en Ecuador a fin de mejorar la capacidad de los médicos de atención primaria (MAP) para reducir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en los pacientes. Métodos Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorio en consultorios de atención primaria en Quito entre el 2014 y el 2016. Participaron 15 MAP y sus pacientes adultos con riesgo alto de padecer diabetes de tipo 2. Se proporcionó un programa médico orientativo centrado en el paciente a ocho MAP. Los siete que no recibieron la capacitación fueron el grupo testigo. Se evaluó la experiencia de los pacientes por medio de una encuesta de salida a los pacientes. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas, la presión arterial y los parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos del paciente. Se calcularon los cambios entre los grupos y dentro de ellos por medio de pruebas de ji cuadrado, análisis de la varianza, pruebas t pareadas y coeficiente con intervención. Resultados En total participaron 197 pacientes, 113 en el grupo de atención con intervención (GAI) y 84 en el grupo de atención habitual (GAH); 99 pacientes (87,6 %) en el GAI y 63 (75 %) en el GAH completaron el estudio entre el 2014 y el 2016. Los pasos de orientación, según los resultados de la encuesta de salida, fueron significativamente mayores en el GAI (8,9±1,6 frente a 6,6±2,3; P = 0,001). Al comparar la diferencia estimada entre el GAI y el GAH, se encontraron mayores reducciones de HbA1c y del colesterol total en el GAI. Dentro del GAI, se encontraron mejoras considerables en el peso, IMC, HbA1C, colesterol total y C-LDL. Conclusiones La capacitación de los MAP mediante una intervención sobre el comportamiento centrada en el paciente para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV es factible y eficaz para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV en Ecuador. Los países desarrollados y en desarrollo podrían beneficiarse por igual de tal intervención.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a viabilidade de implementar um modelo de intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente para melhorar a capacidade dos profissionais da atenção primária de reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares nos pacientes. Métodos Estudo clínico randomizado conduzido em ambulatórios de atenção primária em Quito, no Equador, de 2014 a 2016. Participaram do estudo 15 médicos da atenção primária e os respectivos pacientes adultos com alto risco de diabetes tipo 2. Oito participantes fizeram parte de uma intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente. Os outros sete médicos fizeram parte do grupo de controle que não recebeu a capacitação. A experiência do paciente foi avaliada com uma entrevista de saída. Características antropométricas, medidas de pressão arterial e parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados nos pacientes. As mudanças dentro de um mesmo grupo e entre os grupos foram estimadas com o uso do teste do qui-quadrado, ANOVA, teste t pareado e coeficiente com intervenção. Resultados Participaram do estudo 197 pacientes ao todo, sendo 113 no grupo de intervenção (GI) e 84 no grupo de atenção de rotina (GR), e completaram o estudo 99 pacientes (87,6%) no GI e 63 (75%) no GR em 2014-2016. O GI recebeu um número significativamente maior (8.9±1.6 vs. 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001) de orientações, avaliadas na entrevista de saída. Uma comparação da diferença estimada entre o GI e o GR demonstrou maior redução no nível de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) e colesterol total no GI. Os pacientes do GI tiveram melhora significativa no peso corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), colesterol total e LDL. Conclusões Capacitar os médicos da atenção primária em uma intervenção comportamental centrada no paciente é uma opção viável e eficaz para reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Equador. Ambos os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento poderiam se beneficiar com esta intervenção.

Effect of charted mental illness on reperfusion therapy in hospitalized patients with an acute myocardial infarction in Florida.

Patients with mental illness carry risk factors that predispose them to excess cardiovascular mortality from an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to the general population. The aim of this study was to determine if patients with AMI and charted mental illness (CMI) received less reperfusion therapy following an AMI, compared to AMI patients without CMI in a recent sample population from Florida.A secondary analysis of data was conducted using the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (FL-AHCA) hospital discharge registry. Adults hospitalized with an AMI from 01/01/2010 to 12/31/2015 were included for the analysis. The dependent variable was administration of reperfusion therapy (thrombolytic, percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI], and coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]), and the independent variable was the presence of CMI (depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, race, health insurance, and comorbidities.The database included 61,614 adults (31.3% women) hospitalized with AMI in Florida. The CMI population comprised of 1036 patients (1.7%) who were on average 5 years younger than non-CMI (60.2 ±12.8 versus 65.2 ±14.1; P < .001). Compared with patients without CMI, patients with CMI had higher proportions of women, governmental health insurance holders, and those with more comorbidities. The adjusted odds ratio indicated that patients with CMI were 30% less likely to receive reperfusion therapy compared with those without CMI (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.6-0.8). Within the AMI population including those with and without CMI, women were 23% less likely to receive therapy than men; blacks were 26% less likely to receive reperfusion therapy than whites; and those holding government health insurances were between 20% and 40% less likely to receive reperfusion therapy than those with private health insurance.Patients with AMI and CMI were statistically significantly less likely to receive reperfusion therapy compared with patients without CMI. These findings highlight the need to implement AMI management care aimed to reduce disparities among medically vulnerable patients (those with CMI, women, blacks, and those with governmental health insurance).

Comparative Longterm Mortality Trends in Cancer vs. Ischemic Heart Disease in Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVE: Although contemporary mortality data are important for health assessment and planning purposes, their availability lag several years. Statistical projection techniques can be employed to obtain current estimates. This study aimed to assess annual trends of mortality in Puerto Rico due to cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), and to predict shorterm and longterm cancer and IHD mortality figures. METHODS: Age-adjusted mortality per 100,000 population projections with a 50% interval probability were calculated utilizing a Bayesian statistical approach of Age-Period-Cohort dynamic model. Multiple cause-of-death annual files for years 1994-2010 for Puerto Rico were used to calculate shortterm (2011-2012) predictions. Longterm (2013-2022) predictions were based on quinquennial data. We also calculated gender differences in rates (men-women) for each study period. RESULTS: Mortality rates for women were similar for cancer and IHD in the 1994-1998 period, but changed substantially in the projected 2018-2022 period. Cancer mortality rates declined gradually overtime, and the gender difference remained constant throughout the historical and projected trends. A consistent declining trend for IHD historical annual mortality rate was observed for both genders, with a substantial changepoint around 2004-2005 for men. The initial gender difference of 33% (80/100,00 vs. 60/100,000) in mortality rates observed between cancer and IHD in the 1994-1998 period increased to 300% (60/100,000 vs. 20/100,000) for the 2018-2022 period. CONCLUSION: The APC projection model accurately projects shortterm and longterm mortality trends for cancer and IHD in this population: The steady historical and projected cancer mortality rates contrasts with the substantial decline in IHD mortality rates, especially in men.

Impact of Secondary Prevention on Mortality after a First Ischemic Stroke in Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the prescription of secondary prevention therapies on mortality in Puerto Rican patients hospitalized with a first ischemic stroke. METHODS: This was a retrospective secondary data analysis of the 2007 and 2009 Puerto Rico Stroke Registry electronic database. Information was obtained from the medical charts of patients discharged with ICD-9 codes 434 and 436 from 20 hospitals located in Puerto Rico. Descriptive analyses were conducted for demographics and comorbidities. Chi2 statistics compared the proportion of patients prescribed secondary prevention therapy and the proportion of patients not prescribed secondary prevention therapy. Lastly, survival rates were calculated from 2007 up to and including December 2010. RESULTS: The mean age of the 3,965 patients was 70 (±14) years. Secondary prevention therapy was prescribed to only 1% of the patients. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (85%), diabetes (52%), and hyperlipidemia (25%). The case fatality rate for patients prescribed secondary prevention therapy was 16%, compared to 26% for patients not prescribed secondary prevention therapy (p<0.01). The mean survival for stroke patients prescribed secondary preventions was 450 days (95% CI;182−718), compared to 266 days (95% CI; 244−287) for those not prescribed secondary prevention therapy (p = 0.175). CONCLUSION: A low percentage of patients with a first ischemic stroke were prescribed secondary prevention therapy. While not statistically significant, survival analysis suggests that secondary prevention therapy decreased mortality in patients with a stroke.

Association between within-visit systolic blood pressure variability and development of pre-diabetes and diabetes among overweight/obese individuals.

Short-term blood pressure variability is associated with pre-diabetes/diabetes cross-sectionally, but there are no longitudinal studies evaluating this association. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between within-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability and development of pre-diabetes/diabetes longitudinally. The study was conducted among eligible participants from the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS), who completed the 3-year follow-up exam. Participants were Hispanics, 40-65 years of age, and free of diabetes at baseline. Within-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability was defined as the maximum difference between three measures, taken a few minutes apart, of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Diabetes progression was defined as development of pre-diabetes/diabetes over the follow-up period. We computed multivariate incidence rate ratios adjusting for baseline age, gender, smoking, physical activity, waist circumference, and hypertension status. Participants with systolic blood pressure variability ≥10 mmHg compared to those with <10 mmHg, showed higher progression to pre-diabetes/diabetes (RR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.30-2.42). The association persisted among never smokers. Diastolic blood pressure variability ≥10 mmHg (compared to <10 mmHg) did not show an association with diabetes status progression (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.71-2.01). Additional adjustment of baseline glycemia, C-reactive protein, and lipids (reported dyslipidemia or baseline HDL or triglycerides) did not change the estimates. Systolic blood pressure variability may be a novel independent risk factor and an early predictor for diabetes, which can be easily incorporated into a single routine outpatient visit at none to minimal additional cost.

Association of gender and length of stay among Puerto Ricans hospitalized with decompensated heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a serious, chronic, and progressive condition which may require hospitalization if decompensated. Each year, in the UnitedStates, there are approximately 1 million hospitalizations due to decompensated HF at a cost of $39 billion. Because limited information examining the association between gender and length of stay (LOS) is available in the published literature for Puerto Ricans hospitalized with decompensated HF, we aim to investigate gender differences related to LOS in this population.This study is a secondary data analysis of the Puerto Rico Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System database, which is a nonconcurrent prospective study carried out in 2007 and 2009. LOS was dichotomized into ≤5 days or ≥6 days (extended) categories. The χ test was used to examine associations between categorical variables. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of extended LOS. Collinearity was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients. A P value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate statistical significance.A total of 1724 patients (47.6% women) comprised our study population. The average age of women was 72.5 ±â€Š13.4 years; the average age of men was 67.2 ±â€Š14.5 years. For both women and men, median LOS was 5 days (interquartile range = 5 days). Women were more likely than men to have diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, but current smoking was higher in men than in women. The proportion of patients with extended LOS was similar for men (43.3%) and women (45.1%) (P = 0.448). Likewise, the odds for extended LOS was comparable for both genders (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9, 1.4). Patients admitted with recurrent decompensated HF hospitalizations had shorter LOS than patients with initial episodes (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6, 0.9). However, factors that prolonged the LOS included the presence of renal failure (OR = 1.7; 95% IC = 1.3, 2.1) and ejection fraction (EF) <35% (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6, 0.9).Although we were not able to find statistically significant association between LOS and gender in Puerto Rican patients hospitalized with decompensated HF our findings suggest that incidental episodes and having an EF <35% increase the odds of extended LOS.

Profile of the Older Population Living in Miami-Dade County, Florida: An Observational Study.

Florida has the greatest proportion (19%) of older population (65 years or older) in the United States. The age distribution of its residents, in conjunction with a major shift in the leading cause of death within all age groups from acute illnesses to chronic disease, creates unprecedented health care challenges for the state. The objective of this study is to profile the older population living in Miami-Dade County (MDC) using 3 population-based, household-based surveys conducted over the past 5 years.This study examined cross-sectional data (demographics, health outcomes, risk factors, health assess, and utilization) collected from probability-sampled, household-based surveys conducted in 3 areas of MDC: north Miami-Dade, Little Haiti, and South Miami. The questionnaire was administered face-to-face by trained interviewers in English, Spanish, French, or Creole. Analyses were restricted to households containing at least 1 member aged 65 years or older (n = 935). One consenting adult answered the questionnaire on behalf of household members.The mean age of the respondent (60% females) was 60 years. Overall, respondents were predominantly African-Americans, Hispanics, and blacks of Haitian origin. One-third of all households fell below the US poverty thresholds. One-quarter of all households had at least 1 member who was uninsured within the year before the survey. Twenty percent of households had at least 1 member with an acute myocardial infarction or stroke during the year before the survey. Bone density tests and blood stool tests were strikingly underutilized. The health outcomes most prevalent within household members were cardiovascular diseases followed by cancer, anxiety/depression, obesity, asthma, and bone fractures. Twenty percent of households reported having at least 1 current smoker. Overall, emergency rooms were the most commonly used places of care after doctor's offices.Findings of 3 household-based surveys show a predominantly elderly, female, uninsured, and poor minority populations living in MDC, FL. The reported use of preventive services was constrained, and emergency room use was often reported as a main resource for health care. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, bone fractures, and related risk factors were the most prevalent health outcomes.

Incidence, in-hospital case-fatality rates, and management practices in Puerto Ricans hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: There are extremely limited data on minority populations, especially Hispanics, describing the clinical epidemiology of acute coronary disease. The aim of this study is to examine the incidence rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in-hospital case-fatality rate (CFR), and management practices among residents of greater San Juan (Puerto Rico) who were hospitalized with an initial AMI. METHODS: Our trained study staff reviewed and independently validated the medical records of patients who had been hospitalized with possible AMI at any of the twelve hospitals located in greater San Juan during calendar year 2007. RESULTS: The incidence rate (# per 100,000 population) of 1,415 patients hospitalized with AMI increased with advancing age and were significantly higher for older patients for men (198) than they were for women (134). The average age of the study population was 64 years, and women comprised 45% of the study sample. Evidence-based cardiac therapies, e.g., aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins, were used with 60% of the hospitalized patients, and women were less likely than men to have received these therapies (59% vs. 65%) or to have undergone interventional cardiac procedures (47% vs. 59%) (p<0.05). The in-hospital CFR increased with advancing age and were higher for women (8.6%) than they were for men (6.0%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Efforts are needed to reduce the magnitude of AMI, enhance the use of evidence-based cardiac therapies, reduce possible gender disparities, and improve the short-term prognoses of Puerto Rican patients hospitalized with an initial AMI.

Periodontal disease, hypertension, and blood pressure among older adults in Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND: Current scientific evidence addressing the relationship between periodontitis and hypertension is limited to studies producing inconsistent results. METHODS: All participants of an ongoing representative cohort of Puerto Rican elderly who were ≥70 years old and residing in the San Juan metropolitan area were invited to this cross-sectional study. Periodontal probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) were summarized using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology definition for severe periodontitis (≥2 teeth with AL ≥6 mm and ≥1 tooth with PD ≥5 mm). Three repeated blood pressure (BP) measurements taken were averaged using a standardized auscultatory method. Information on hypertension history, use of antihypertensive medications, and potential confounders (age, sex, smoking, heavy and binge drinking, diabetes, use of preventive dental services, flossing, body mass index, consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole wheat bread, and high-fiber cereal) was collected during in-person interviews. High BP was defined as average systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to study the relationship between severe periodontitis, hypertension history, and high BP. RESULTS: The study population comprised 182 adults. In multivariate analysis, there was no association between severe periodontitis and hypertension history (odds ratio [OR] = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40 to 2.48). Severe periodontitis was associated with high BP, with OR of 2.93 (95% CI: 1.25 to 6.84), after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and binge drinking. This association was stronger when restricted to those with hypertension or taking antihypertensive medications: OR = 4.20 (95% CI: 1.28 to 13.80). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that periodontitis may contribute to poor BP control among older adults.

Thirty-year trends (1975-2005) in the magnitude, patient characteristics, and hospital outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular fibrillation.

Limited contemporary data are available describing the incidence rates, hospital prognosis, and factors associated with the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The objectives of our study were to examine 3-decade-long trends (1975 to 2005) in the magnitude, predictors, and hospital case-fatality rates associated with VF in residents of a large New England metropolitan area hospitalized at all area medical centers with an uncomplicated AMI. The study population consisted of 7,472 residents of the Worcester (Massachusetts) metropolitan area hospitalized with an uncomplicated AMI in 15 annual periods from 1975 to 2005. The overall proportion of patients who developed VF was 4.2%. The incidence rates of VF remained stable from 1975 to 1995 but decreased thereafter, reaching their lowest frequency in 2005 (1.9%). Hospital case-fatality rates were significantly higher in patients with (40.9%) compared with those without (2.5%) VF. Decreases in hospital death rates over time were observed in patients with and without VF, with the decreases in death rates being greater for patients with VF. Patients who developed a Q-wave MI or a left or right bundle branch block were at particularly increased risk for developing VF. In conclusion, our results indicate that the incidence and hospital death rates associated with VF have decreased during recent years.

Thirty-year trends (1975-2005) in the magnitude and hospital death rates associated with complete heart block in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a population-based perspective.

BACKGROUND: The contemporary magnitude and prognostic implications of complete heart block (CHB) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are unknown. As part of a community-based study of patients hospitalized with AMI in the Worcester, MA, metropolitan area, changes over time in the incidence rates of CHB complicating AMI and the prognostic impact of CHB on short-term survival were examined. METHODS: The study population consisted of 13,663 residents of the Worcester metropolitan area who were hospitalized with AMI at all greater Worcester medical centers during 15 annual periods between 1975 and 2005. RESULTS: The average age of the hospitalized study sample was 69 years, and 58% were men. The overall proportion of patients with AMI who developed CHB was 4.1%. The incidence rates of CHB complicating AMI declined appreciably over time, with the greatest decline in these incidence rates occurring during the most recent years under study. In 2005, 2.0% of patients hospitalized with AMI developed CHB compared to 5.1% in the initial study year of 1975. Patients with AMI who developed CHB had higher inhospital death rates (43.2%) than did those who did not develop CHB (13.0%) (P < .001). The hospital death rates associated with CHB declined appreciably over time, particularly during the most recent years under study. Several patient characteristics were associated with an increased risk for developing CHB during hospitalization for myocardial infarcation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate recent encouraging declines in the incidence rates of CHB complicating AMI and improving trends in the hospital prognosis of these patients.

Vision for a global registry of anticipated public health studies.

In public health, the generation, management, and transfer of knowledge all need major improvement. Problems in generating knowledge include an imbalance in research funding, publication bias, unnecessary studies, adherence to fashion, and undue interest in novel and immediate issues. Impaired generation of knowledge, combined with a dated and inadequate process for managing knowledge and an inefficient system for transferring knowledge, mean a distorted body of evidence available for decisionmaking in public health. This article hopes to stimulate discussion by proposing a Global Registry of Anticipated Public Health Studies. This prospective, comprehensive system for tracking research in public health could help enhance collaboration and improve efficiency. Practical problems must be discussed before such a vision can be further developed.